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Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8
Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8

Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8: Master the principles and techniques of multithreaded programming with the Java 8 Concurrency API

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Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8

Working with Basic Elements - Threads and Runnables

Execution threads are the core of concurrent applications. When you implement a concurrent application, no matter the language, you have to create different execution threads that run in parallel in a non-deterministic order unless you use a synchronization element (such as a semaphore). In Java you can create execution threads in two ways:

  • Extending the Thread class
  • Implementing the Runnable interface

In this chapter, you will learn how to use these elements to implement concurrent applications in Java. We will cover the following topics:

  • Threads in Java: characteristics and states
  • The Thread class and the Runnable interface
  • First example: matrix multiplication
  • Second example: file search

Threads in Java

Nowadays, computer users (and mobile and tablet users too) use different applications at the same time when they work with their computers. They can be writing a document with a word processor while they're reading the news or posting in a social network and listening to music. They can do all these things at the same time because modern operating systems support multiprocessing.

They can execute different tasks at the same time. But inside an application, you can also do different things at the same time. For example, if you're working with your word processor, you can save the file while you're adding text with bold style. You can do this because the modern programming languages used to write those applications allow programmers to create multiple execution threads inside an application. Each execution thread executes a different task so you can...

First example: matrix multiplication

Matrix multiplication is one of the basic operations that you can do with matrices and a classic problem used in concurrent and parallel programming courses. If you have a matrix A with m rows and n columns and another matrix B with n columns and p columns, you can multiply both matrices and obtain a matrix C with m rows and p columns. You can check https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_multiplication to find a detailed description about this operation.

In this section, we will implement a serial version of an algorithm to multiply two matrices and three different concurrent versions. Then, we will compare the four solutions to see when concurrency gives us a better performance.

Common classes

...

Second example - file search

All operating systems include the option to search for files that verify some conditions in your file system (for example, the name or part of the name, the date of modification, and so on). In our case, we're going to implement an algorithm that looks for a file with a predetermined name. Our algorithms will take the initial path to start the search and the file we're going to look for as input. The JDK provides the ability to walk a directory tree structure, so there should be no need to implement your own in the real world.

Common classes

Both versions of the algorithm will share a common class to store the results of our search. We will call this class Result and it will have two...

Summary

In this chapter, we have presented the most basic elements to create execution threads in Java: the Runnable interface and the Thread class. We can create threads in Java in two different ways:

  • Extending the Thread class and overriding the run() method
  • Implementing the Runnable interface and passing an object of that class to the constructor of the Thread class

The second mechanism is preferred over the first one because they give us more flexibility.

We also learned how the Thread class has different methods that allow us to get information about the thread, change its priority, or wait for its finalization. We have used all these methods in two examples, one to multiply matrices and the other to search files in a directory. In both cases, concurrency gives us better performance but we also have learned that we have to be careful when implementing a concurrent version...

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Key benefits

  • Implement concurrent applications using the Java 8 Concurrency API and its new components
  • Improve the performance of your applications or process more data at the same time, taking advantage of all of your resources.
  • Construct real-world examples related to machine learning, data mining, image processing, and client/server environments

Description

Concurrency programming allows several large tasks to be divided into smaller sub-tasks, which are further processed as individual tasks that run in parallel. All the sub-tasks are combined together once the required results are achieved; they are then merged to get the final output. The whole process is very complex. This process goes from the design of concurrent algorithms to the testing phase where concurrent applications need extra attention. Java includes a comprehensive API with a lot of ready-to-use components to implement powerful concurrency applications in an easy way, but with a high flexibility to adapt these components to your needs. The book starts with a full description of design principles of concurrent applications and how to parallelize a sequential algorithm. We'll show you how to use all the components of the Java Concurrency API from basics to the most advanced techniques to implement them in powerful concurrency applications in Java. You will be using real-world examples of complex algorithms related to machine learning, data mining, natural language processing, image processing in client / server environments. Next, you will learn how to use the most important components of the Java 8 Concurrency API: the Executor framework to execute multiple tasks in your applications, the phaser class to implement concurrent tasks divided into phases, and the Fork/Join framework to implement concurrent tasks that can be split into smaller problems (using the divide and conquer technique). Toward the end, we will cover the new inclusions in Java 8 API, the Map and Reduce model, and the Map and Collect model. The book will also teach you about the data structures and synchronization utilities to avoid data-race conditions and other critical problems. Finally, the book ends with a detailed description of the tools and techniques that you can use to test a Java concurrent application.

Who is this book for?

If you are a competent Java developer with a good understanding of concurrency but have no knowledge of how to effectively implement concurrent programs or use streams to make processes more efficient, then this book is for you.

What you will learn

  • * Design concurrent applications by converting a sequential algorithm into a concurrent one
  • * Discover how to avoid all the possible problems you can get in concurrent algorithms
  • * Use the Executor framework to manage concurrent tasks without creating threads
  • * Extend and modify Executors to adapt their behavior to your needs
  • * Solve problems using the divide and conquer technique and the Fork/Join framework
  • * Process massive data sets with parallel streams and Map/Reduce implementation
  • * Control data-race conditions using concurrent data structures and synchronization mechanisms
  • * Test and monitor concurrent applications
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Feb 29, 2016
Length: 430 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785886126
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ISBN-13 : 9781785886126
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Oracle
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Concepts :

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Table of Contents

13 Chapters
The First Step - Concurrency Design Principles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Basic Elements - Threads and Runnables Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Lots of Threads - Executors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting the Most from Executors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Data from Tasks - The Callable and Future Interfaces Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Running Tasks Divided into Phases - The Phaser Class Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Optimizing Divide and Conquer Solutions - The Fork/Join Framework Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Processing Massive Datasets with Parallel Streams - The Map and Reduce Model Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Processing Massive Datasets with Parallel Streams - The Map and Collect Model Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Asynchronous Stream Processing - Reactive Streams Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Diving into Concurrent Data Structures and Synchronization Utilities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing and Monitoring Concurrent Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Concurrency in JVM - Clojure and Groovy with the Gpars Library and Scala Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.8
(4 Ratings)
5 star 25%
4 star 25%
3 star 50%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
Devendra S. Apr 18, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Good quality
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Biswajit May 05, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Good book but expecting some more areas to cover, Streams concepts are covered very nicely
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Commuter Jun 03, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
I have no complaints about the quality or scope of the work, but I feel it could do with more focussed examples that illustrate different aspects of the Java API better. Every topic is only briefly introduced and then followed by a 10-20 page example where you have to spend time and energy to understand the coding problem rather than the specific concurrency tool being discussed. I think it would have been better to have more half-page snippets showcasing key behaviours instead.Brian Goetz's Java Concurrency in Practice provides more focussed examples and is much better at discussing various trade offs between conccurrency options, alas it needs updating to Java 9.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Richard Oct 28, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
Hard to follow due to incomplete code example. Some of the code examples were unable to open due to wrong format.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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