#include <string>

#include <iostream>

#include <limits>

#include <exception>

int main(){

try{

//convert to numeric type

std::cout << std::stoi(" 77") << std::endl;

std::cout << std::stod(" 77.7") << std::endl;

std::cout << std::stoi("-0x77") << std::endl;

//use index of characters not processed

std::size_t idx;

std::cout << std::stoi(" 42 is the truth", &idx) << std::endl;

std::cout << " idx of first unprocessed char: " << idx << std::endl;

//use bases 16 and 8

std::cout << std::stoi(" 42", nullptr, 16) << std::endl;

std::cout << std::stoi("789", &idx, 8) << std::endl;

std::cout << " idx of first nuprocessed char: " << idx << std::endl;

//convert numeric vlaue to string

long long ll = std::numeric_limits<long long>::max();

std::string s = std::to_string(ll); //converts maximum long long to string

std::cout << s << std::endl;

//try to convert back

std::cout << std::stoi(s) << std::endl; //throws out_of_range

}catch(const std::exception& e){

std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;

}

return 0;

}